Upper gastrointestinal bleeding and surrogate end points

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding and surrogate end points.

Drug treatments in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: value of endoscopic findings as surrogate end points.

INTRODUCTION Pharmacotherapy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding has been difficult to evaluate because clinical end points are infrequent and affected by other factors. AIMS To evaluate whether blood in the stomach at endoscopy reflected severity of bleeding, predicted clinical outcomes, and could be altered by therapeutic agents. METHODS We studied 414 consecutive admissions with suspecte...

Pediatric upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children: etiology and treatment approaches

Objective: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) is one of the most important and serious cause of emergency admission in childhood. The aim of the study was to evaluate the etiological factors and the treatment approaches in patients with UGB.Methods: In this retrospective study, children with UGB admitted to emergency clinics of Istanbul Health Sciences University Kanuni Sultan Suleyman...

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding, and Hepatic Failure

• To use clinical clues to differentiate between upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage • To examine results of vital signs, blood tests, and nasogastric aspirate to assess severity of GI hemorrhage and define immediate resuscitative measures • To define the common causes of GI hemorrhage in the intensive care unit (ICU) • To develop a diagnostic strategy and plan of management • To d...

Surrogate end points: hopes and perils.

In recent years, the cost of drug development has increased the demands on efficiency in the selection of suitable drug candidates; surrogate end points have emerged to improve this process, hoping that they can help reduce duration and cost of clinical trials. Additionally, they can help in solving ethical issues when measuring the clinical end point involves the application of risky or uncomf...